Compositions comprising a carboxylic acid amide interpolymer and an adduct of a hydroxyl-containing polymer and a carboxylic acid anhydride



United States Patent s,ns.sss

COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING A CARBOXYLIC This invention relates to resinous compositions having many useful properties. and pertains more particularly to resinous blends of (i) an aldehyde-modified unsaturnted carboxylic acid amide interpolymer, and (2) an adduct of a hydroxyi-containing polymer and a carboxylic acid anhydride.

In a copending application. Serial No. 749,583. filed July 21. i958. now US. Patent No. 3,037,963, there is disclosed a process for producing useful resinous products from unsaturated carboxylic acid amides such as acrylamide or methacrylamide. The process disclosed in said copending application involves forming an interpolymer of such unsaturated carboxylic acid amides with at least one other polymcrizable ethylenically unsaturated monomer. and then reacting said interpolymer with an aldehyde such as formaldehyde in the presence of an alcohol such as butanol. The resulting resins range from soft, flexible materials to very hard solids. depending upon the choice of monomers utilized in preparing the amide interpolymer which in turn is reacted with the aldehyde and the alcohol.

The resins prepared in accordance with the method described in said copending application. Serial No. 749,583 are useful in coating compositions. laminates. and the like, particularly when blended with one or more other resinous materials such as cpoxide resins, vinyl resins. amine resins. alkyd resins. nitrocellulose, polyethylene. and the like. Such resinous blends form films with excellent flexibility, recoat adhesion. and freedom from undesirable color formation. even on overbaking of the film. 'Ihese films are also outstanding in appearance. gloss. adhesion. mar resistance. color retention, moisture resistance. stain resistance. grease resistance, heat resistance. detergent resistance. and corrosion resistance. Moreover. these outstanding properties are obtained in a single coating of the resinous coating composition on a metallic surface, whereas previous coating compositions have almost without exception required the use of one or more so-callcd primer coats.

The outstanding properties set forth in the foregoing paragraph render the aldehyde-modified amide interpolymer coating compositions useful as finishes for applianccs. such as ranges, refrigerators. air conditioners. washers. water heaters, as well as finishes for steel building panels and aluminum siding. and in fact as general industrial finishes on solid surfaces. such as metals. plastics, wallboard, and the like. Such compositions have met with wide commercial acceptance throughout the world.

However, the aldehyde-modified amide interpolymer resins and blends thereof with other resinous materials possess one disadvantage in that coating compositions pre- 3,118,853 Patented Jan. 21, 1964 ice pared therefrom should be cured at temperatures of about 350 F. for a period of 30 minutes in order that the outstanding properties set forth hcreinabove for such materials will be obatined to the optimum degree. Many industrial finishing installations do not possess oven facilities which can attain temperatures as high as 350 F.. and consequently industries having such installations cannot obtain optimum properties from coating compositions containing the aldehyde-modified amide interpoly mer resins.

It has now been discovered that the curing temperature of such aldehyde-modified amide interpolymcrs at which optimum film properties are obtained can be substantially lowered, for example, to as low as about 300' F., and in some instances even as low as 250 F. This desirable result is obtained by blending with the aldehyde-modified amide interpolymer resin (alone or in admixture with another resin such as epoxide resin or vinyl resin) an adduct of a hydroxyl-containing polymer and a carboxylic acid anhydride. By blending only a relatively small quantity of such an adduct with the aldehyde-modified amide interpolymer resin, the temperature at which complete cure of the resin is obtained is decreased. as indicatcd hereinabove, to temperatures as low as 250' F. or 300' F. (for a 30 minute period). More importantly. however. this decrease in cure temperature is obtained in most instances with no sacrifice in the outstanding propcrtics which such aldehyde-modified amide interpolymer resins impart to coating compositions. In fact. in most instances some of the film properties are actually improved. as will be apparent from the specific examples.

In the preparation of the aldehyde-modified amide interpolymer resin at polymerizable unsaturated carboxylic acid amide is polymerized with one or more ethylenically unsaturated monomers. and the resulting interpolymer reacted with an aldehyde. The exact mechanism whereby the amide interpolymers are obtained is not definitely known. but is believed to begin by the formation initially of a relatively short chain soluble interpolymer having an approximate structure as follows, acrylamide being utilized for illustrative purposes:

wherein M represents a unit of a monomer polymerizable with acrylamide, and n repersents a whole number greater than i. For example, if styrene were utilized as the second monomer, M would represent the unit.

Lil

The short chain interpolymer then reacts with an aidehyde, as repersented by formaldehyde, to give the strucwherein M and n have the significance set forth hereinabove.

In the event the aldehyde is utilized in the form at a solution in butanol or other alkanol, etherilication will take place so that at least some of the methylol groups in the above structure will be converted to groups of the structure ROR,

wherein R is a saturated lower aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having its free valences on a single carbon atom, and R is a member of the class consisting of hydrogen and the radical derived by removing the hydroxyl group from the alitanol.

it is desirable that at least about 50 percent of the methylol groups be etherified since compositions having less than about 50 percent of the methylol groups ctherltied will tend to be unstable and subject to gelation. Butanol is the preferred alcohol for use in the etheritication process, although any alcohol such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, pcntanol, octanol dccanol, and other alkanols containing up to about 20 carbon atoms may also be employed as may aromatic alcohols such as benzyl alcohol, or cyclic alcohols.

While either acrylamide or methacrylamide is pretered for use in forming the interpolymer component, any unsaturated earboxylic acid amide can be employed. Such other amides include itaconic acid diamide, alpha-ethyl acrylamide, crotonamidc, {umaric acid diamide, maleie acid diamide, and other amides of alpha, beta-ethylenicaL ly unsaturated carboxylic acids containing up to about carbon atoms. Maleuric acid, and esters thereof, and imlde derivatives such as N-carbamyl maleimide may also be utilized.

Any polymerizable monomeric compound containing at least one CH:=C group may be polymerized with the unsaturated carboxylic acid amide. Examples of such monomers include the following:

(i) Monooleiinic and dloletinic hydrocarbons, that is, monomers containing only atoms of hydrogen and carbon, such as styrene, alpha-methyl styrene, alpha-ethyl styrene, alpha-butyl styrene, isobutylene (Z-methyl propcne-l), 2-methyl-propene-l, Z-methyl-butene-l, 2-methyl-pentene-l, 2,3-dlmethyl-butene-l, 2,3-dimethyl-pentene-l, 2.4-dimethyl-pentene-l, 2,3.3-trimethyl-butene-l,-

hcptene, 4-chloroheptene, 4-fluoroheptcne, cis and trans- 1,2-dichloroethylcnes, 1,2-dibromomethylenc, 1,2-difluoroethylene, 1,2-diiodoethylene, chlorocthylene (vinyl chloride), 1,1-dich1oroethylcne (vinylidene chloride), bromoethylene, fluoroethylene, iodoethylene, l,1-dibromoethyl ene, 1,1-fiuoroethy-lene, 1,1-diiodoethylcne, 1,l,2,2-tetratluoroethylene, l,l,2,2-tetrachloroethylene l-chloro-2,2,2- tritiuoroethylcne, chlorobutadicne and other halogenated diolefinic compounds.

(3) Esters of organic and inorganic acids such as vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate, vinyl isobutyrate, vinyl valerate, vinyl caproate, vinyl enanthate, vinyl bcnzoate, vinyl toluate, vinyl p-chlorobenzoate, vinyl-o-chlorobenzoate, vinyl m-chlorobcnzoate and similar vinyl halobenzoates vinyl-p-methoxybenzoate, vinyl-o-methoxybenzoatc, vinyl-p-ethoxybenzoate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, propyl methacrylatc, butyl mcthacrylate, amyl methacrylate, hexyl methacrylate, heptyl methacrylate, octyl methacrylate, decyl methacrylate, methyl crotonate, ethyl crotonate, and ethyl tiglate;

Methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, propyl acrylate, isopropyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, amyl acrylate, hexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, heptyl acrylate, dctyl acrylate, 3,5,S-trimethylhexyl acrylate, decyl acrylate, and dodecyl acrylate;

Isopropenyl acetate, isopropenyl propionate, isopropcnyl butyrate, isopropenyl isobutyrate, isopropenyl valerate, isopropenyl caproate, isopropenyl enanthate, isopropenyl benzoate, isopropcnyl p-chlorobenzoate, isopropcnyl o-chlorobenzoate, isopropenyl o-bromobenzoate, isopropenyl m-chlorobenzoate, isopropenyl toluate, isopropenyl alpha-chloroacctate and isopropenyl alphabromopropionate;

Vinyl alpha-chloroacetate, vinyl alpha-bromoacetate, vinyl alpha-chloropropionate, vinyl alpha-bromopropionate, vinyl alpha-iodopropionate, vinyl alpha-chlorobutyrate, vinyl alpha-chlorovalerate and vinyl alphabromovalerate;

Allyl chloride, allyl cyanide, allyl bromide, allyl lluoride, allyl iodide. allyl chlorocarbonate, allyl nitrate, allyl thiocyanate, allyl formate, allyl acetate, allyl propionatc, allyl butyrate, allyl valerate, allyl caproatc, allyl 3.5.5- trimcthyl-hcxoatc, allyl bcnzoate, allyl acrylate, allyl crotonate, allyl olcate, allyl ehloroacetatc, allyl trichloroacetate, allyl chloropropionute, allyl chlorovalcrate, allyl lactate, allyl pyruvate, allyl aminoacetate, allyl acctoacetate, allyl thioaeetate, as well as methallyl esters corresponding to the above allyl esters as well as esters from such alkcnyl alcohols as beta-ethyl allyl alcohol, betapropyl allyl alcohlols, l-butcn-4-ol, 2-mcthyl-butcn-ol4, 2(2,2-dimethylpropyl)-l-butcn-4-ol and l-pcntene-4-ol;

Methyl alpha-chloroacryiate, methyl alpha-bromoacrylate, methyl alpha-fluoroacrylate, methyl alpha-iodoacrylate, ethyl nlpha-ehloroacrylate, propyl-alpha-chloro f acrylate, isopropyl alpha-bromoacrylate, a'myl alphachloroacrylate, 'octyl alpha-chloroacrylate, 3,5,5-trimethylhexyl alpha-ehloroacrylate, decyl alpha-chloroacrylate, methyl alpha-cyano acrylate, ethyl alpha-cyano acrylate, amyl alpha-cyano acrylate and decyl alpha-cyano acrylate;

Dimethyl maleate, diethyl maleate, diallyl maleate, di-

methyl fumarate, diethyl tumarate, dimcthallyl fumarate and diethyl glutaconate;

(4) Organic nitriles such as acrylonltrile, methacrylonitrile, ethacrylonitrile, 3-octenenitrile, crotonitrile, oleonitrile, and the like;

(5) Acid monomers such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, 3-butenolc acid, angelic acid, tiglic acid, and the like.

it is to be understood that the above poiymerlzable olel'lnlc monomers are representative only, and do not include all of the CH =C containing monomers which may be employed.

Preferably. the interpolymcr should contain from about 2 percent to about 50 percent by weight of the unsaturated carboxylic acid amide component. the balance being the other ethylenically unsaturated monomer(s). It has been found that those interpoiymers containing the higher levels of the amide component with those monomers which ordinarily form hard polymers, give hard and flexible films, whereas intcrpolymers containing lower levels of the amide component with those monomers which o dinarily form soft homopoiymers tend to be considerably softer. if more than one ethyienically unsaturated monomer is polymerized with the amide. the proportions of such additional monomers utilized will depend upon the characteristics which the monomer or monomers will impart to the final interpolymcr.

The preparation of the amide interpolymcr is described in detail in US. Patents 2.870.116 and 2,870,117. the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

The amide interpolymcr resin prepared according to the disclosures in the above-identified patents is reacted with an aldehyde. preferably in the presence of an alcohol. Formaldehyde. in solution in water (formalin) or in an alkanol such as butanoi. or a formaldehyde-yielding substance such as paraformaldehyde. trioxymethylene. or hcxamcthylcnciclraaminc is greatly preferred. However. other aldehydes including acctaidehyde, butyraldchydc. furfural. and the like. preferably containing only atoms of carbon. hydrogen and oxygen. can be used. Dialdehydes such as glyoxal are preferably not employed. since they tend to cause the amide interpolymcr resin to gel.

it is ordinarily preferred to utilize two equivalents of formaldehyde for each amide group present in the interpolymcr. although this amount may be in considerable excess of the amount necessary to form methylol groups on the polymer chain. Accordingly. this ratio may be raised or lowered considerably if desired. For example. the ratio may be as high as 3.0 equivalents of formaldehyde for each amide group in the interpolymcr. or as low as about 0.2 equivalent of formaldehyde for each amide group in the interpolymcr.

The reaction is preferably carried out in the presence of a mild acid catalyst such as maleic anhydride. Other acid catalysts such as oxalic acid. hydrochloric acid. or sulfuric acid may also be employed. although there is some possibility of gelation occurring if the acid catalyst is too strongly acidic. Alkaline catalysts such as sodium hydroxide. potassium hydroxide. hexamethylenetetraamine. and other basic amines may also be utilized. The quantity of catalyst utilized may be varied widely; for example. as pointed out hercinabove. the more acidic the reaction medium. the greater amount of etherifieation will occur.

The reaction of the amide interpolymcr with the aidehyde can be carried out simply by adding the aldehyde and the catalyst (if one is utilized) to the polymerization mixture obtained by polymerizing the amide and one or more cthylenicaiiy unsaturated monomers and refluxing the resulting mixture for a period of from about 3 to about 5 hours until the desired viscosity is obtained. The water of condensation can be removed by azeotropic distillation as may a portion of the solvent if desired. in fact. when the aldehyde is utilized in the form of a solution in an alltanol such as butanol. it is desirable that approximately half of the butanol be distilled off at the end of the reaction period and replaced by another solvent such as xyloi. it is preferred that the final resinous material have a solids content of about 20 percent to 70 percent.

Similar polymeric materials may also be obtained by first reacting the amide with an aldehyde such as formaldchyde to obtain an alkylolamide. for example, a methyloiamide, and then polymerizing the methylolamldc with one or more of the ethylenically unsaturated monomeric materials disclosed hercinabove. The polymerization the same manner as when the amide is interpolymerized with one or more monomers.

The polymeric materials may be prepared by still another route; namely, by polymerizing N-alkoxyaikyi amides, for example. N-butoxymethyl acrylamidc, with one or more of the CH C monomers set forth hercinabove. This method, described in copcnding application, Serial No. 775,380, filed November 2i. 1958, now US. Patent No. 3,079,434, does not require reaction of the polymer with an aldehyde since the N-alkoxyalkyl amide monomers already contain ROH or --ROR; groups. wherein R and R; have the meaning set forth above.

Regardles of the method by which the resinous material is obtained, it will contain in the polymer chain recurrent groups of the structure NlI RlIORt wherein R is hydrogen or a lower aliphatic hydrocarbon radical. and R; is hydrogen or the radical derived by removing the hydroxyl group from an alcohol. Thus, when the reaction is carried out in the presence of an alcohol, the alcohol reacts so that at least some. and preferably more than about percent of the radicals R; will represent the radical derived from the alcohol. When the aidehyde is utilized alone, that is. not in an alcohol solution, the radical R;. of course. will represent hydrogen. The free valences in the above structure may be satisfied with either hydrogen or hydrocarbon depending upon the amide which is utilized in the interpolymerization reaction.

As indicated hercinabove. the present invention relates to biendsxor mixtures of such aldehyde-modified amide interpolymcr resins with an adduct of a hydroxyl-containing polymer and a carboxylic acid anhydride. It has been found that any polymeric material containing only a few or many free hydroxyl groups along the polymer chain can be utilized in the formation of such adducts. The following are typical examples of such hydroxyi-containing polymers.

A. Polymers of'an unsaturated primary aliphatic alcohol with at least one monomer containing a CH,=C group: One particularly useful product of this type is a s polymer of allyl alcohol and styrene having the following utilizing a methyloiamide is carried out in substantially 0" I cIi-Ctir- "-0" Preferably. the value of n is in the range of about 4 to 10, and several products of this general class are available commercially. in the preparation of such polymers, the

B. Polyesters prepared by the reaction of polyols with polycarboxylic acids: When polyols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, or the like glyeols and other polyols containing from about 2 to 12 carbon atoms are reacted, preferably in excess with a dicarboxylic acid (or anhydride) such as adipic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, tetrachlorophthalic acid, or other dicarboxylic acids containing up to about 12 carbon atoms, there is obtained a polyester having free hydroxyl groups attached to the polymer chain. Such polyesters may also be reacted with anhydrides of carboxylic acids to form the adducts utilized in preparing the useful compositions of this invention.

C. Polyethers prepared, for example, by the reaction of a polyol such as sucrose, sorbitol, glycerol, or the like containing up to about 10 carbon atoms, with an aikylenc oxide such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylcne oxide, or the like, or a mixture of such oxides, can also contain free hydroxyl groups when the polyol component is present in excess. The resulting hydroxyl'containing polyethers may also be reacted with anhydridcs and carboxylic acids to form adducts which can be blended with the aldehyde-modified amide interpolymers in accordance with the present invention.

D. Polymers of vinyl alcohol containing recurring units of the structure The hydroxyl groups in the polyvinyl alcohol react readily with carboxylic acid anhydrides such as maleic anhydride to form sdducts which can be blended with aldehydemodiiied amide lnterpolymers.

E. Hydroxyl-modiiied vinyl halide polymers: These polymers are preferably copolymers of a vinyl halide such as vinyl chloride or vinyl bromide with a vinyl ester of an aliphatic monocarboxylic acid such as vinyl acetate, vinyl propionatc, vinyl butyrate, or the like, which polymers are modified by having hydroxyl groups introduced into the copolymcr chain by hydrolysis of at least a portion of the ester linkages in the copolymer structure. Carboxylic acid anhydrides react with such hydroxyl groups to form adducts useful for blending with aldehyde-modified amide interpolymcrs.

F. Epoxide resins: Many of the epoxide resins are reaction products of epihalohydrins such as epichlorohydrin with dihydric phenols such as bis(4-hydroxyphenyi)2,2-propane. Some of these materials possess hydroxyl groups along the epoxide polymer structure. These hydroxyl groups may also be reacted with car boxylic acid anhydrides to form adducts; however, care must be taken in the reaction to prevent curing of the epoxide resin by the anhydride.

While the above classes of polymers an: representative of those which may be employed in forming the compositions of this invention, they by no means represent all of the hydroxy-containing materials which may be used. For example, it is also possible to utilize siliconcontaining polymers which possess free hydroxyl groups.

Any dicarboxylic acid anhydride may be reacted with the hydroxyl-containing polymer to form the adducts utilized in combination with the aldehyde-modified amide interpolymer resin. Malelc anhydride is particularly preferred because of its low cost and ready availability; however, other snhydrldes such as itaeonlc snhydride, suceinic anhydride, sdipic snhydride, and other saturated and unsaturated dicarboxylic acid snhydrides, containing up to about 12 carbon atoms may be used with good results.

in preparing sdduets of the tree hydrexyl-containing polymers with the dicarboxyiic scid anhydrldes care should be taken so as to prevent substantial esterification beyond the opening of the snhydride ring. Unless reaction of the carboxyl groups with the hydroxyl groups is minimized, gelation will take place because of the poly- Oil functional nature of the reactants. In order to prevent this gelation, therefore, the temperature of the reaction should be kept as low as possible, for example, below about 100 C.

One preferred method of carrying out the adduct forma tion involves admixing the hydroxyl-containing polymer and the dicarboxylic acid anhydride in a solvent and refiuxing the resulting solution for a period suflicient to form the desired adduct, ordinarily to hours. While useful products can be obtained when all of the free hydroxyls of the polymer are reacted with the dicarboxylic acid anhydrides, the reaction is preferably carried to a stage where about percent to 80 percent of such hydroxyls are reacted, and it is particularly preferred that the adduct contain about 40 percent to 60 percent of the hydroxyls in unreacted form. The acid number of the adduct solids should ordinarily be in the range of about 20 to 200 and the hydroxyl value in a range of about 40 to 200.

in blending or admixing the adduct with the aldehydemodified amide interpolymer resin it is ordinarily preferred that the adduct be employed in an amount of about 10 percent to percent by weight on a resin solids basis in order that optimum properties are obtained. However, it is also possible to utilize amounts of the adduct as small as about 2 percent by weight on a resin solids basis, or as high as 50 percent or even higher with good results.

While useful properties are obtained when the adduct is blended with the aldehyde-modified amide interpolymer resin as the sole resinous component in the composition. substantially better results are obtained when one or more other resins are included in the mixture or blend. The preferred resin for this use is an epoxide resin, that is, a

resin containing at least one group of the structure The preferred cpoxidc resins for blending with the adduct and the aldehyde-modified amide interpolymer resin are the polyglycidyl ethers of polyhydric compounds, particulnriy the polyglycidyl ethers of bisphenolic compounds. Epoxide resins of this type are disclosed in US. Patent 2,870,1l7 referred to hcreinabove. Preferably, the epoxide resin utilized possesses a molecular weight above about 200, and those epoxide resins having a molecular weight in the range of about 700 to 1200 are particularly suitable for use in the compositions of this invention. Ordinarily. the cpoxide resin is utilized in an amount as low as about 5 percent by weight to about percent or more by weight based on the solids content of the aldehyde-modified amide interpolymer resin.

In addition to the epoxide resins, other resins which may be utilized in combination with the adduct and the aldehyde-modified amide interpolymer resin include the vinyl resins, particularly polymers of vinyl halides such as vinyl chloride, the alkyd resins, both oil modified and non-oil modified, epoxidized oils, that is, esters of the epoxy fatty acids, preferably containing at least 8 carbon atoms, amine resins such as urea-formaldehyde resins and melamine-formaldehyde resins, nitrocellulose, hydrocarbon resins such as polyethylene and polypropylene, phenolic resins, silicone resins, as well as any other resinous material compatible with the amide interpolymer resin. 7

As is the case with the epoxide resins, these other resins may be utilized in widely varying amounts, for example. from about 5 percent or lower to about percent or higher by weight, based on the resin solids content of the aldehyde-modified amide interpolymer resin.

When the resin mixtures or blends described above are utilized in forming coating compositions, pigments such as titanium dioxide, carbon black, and the like may be added to form any desired color and to enhance the film properties. Other components normally found in coating formulations, such as germicides, fillers, stabilizers, driers, anti-foaming agents, and the like may also be added.

The following examples illustrate in detail the preparation of the resinous compositions of this invention. The examples are not intended to limit the invention, however. for there are, of course, numerous possible variations and modifications.

Example: I to V These examples illustrate the preparation of aldehydemodifled acrylamide interpoiymers which can be blended with adducts of hydroxyl-containing polymers and anhy- The above components were admixed and refluxed for two hours after which an additional 0.5 part of cumene hydroperoxide was added and reflux continued for a further period of two hours. An additional 0.5 part of cumene hydroperoxide was added and the mixture refluxed for an additional two hours.- The resultant interpolymcr was then reacted with formaldehyde by adding thereto a solution comprising 0.4 mole of formaldehyde (40 percent concentration in butanol) and about 0.33 part of maleic anhydride. The resulting mixture was refluxed for three hours, after which one-half of the butanol was removed by distillation and replaced by an equal amount drides to form the coating compositions of this invention. of i The mus formed had the followmg The polymerization in each example was carried out by Fromm":

mixing the polymerizable components with a chain transfer agent (except in Example V where none was utilized) Solids (percent) 48-52 in a solvent such as butanol or xylene, and adding a polym- Weight per gallon (pounds) 8.2 erization catalyst, either initially or in increments through- Viscosity (Gardner-Holdt) S-X out the polymerization reaction. The polymerization mix- Color (Gardner) 7 maximum ture was then refluxed (in a bomb when butadieae-1,3 was A-Bensoyi peroxide Il--I)i-t-hutyi peroxide C-Cumone hydroperoxide D-Alphn-methyl styrene dimers E-Dodeeyi rnercaptan l-'Iertiary dodecyl mercaptau Example VII Two hundred six and three-tenths (206.3) pounds of styrene. 37.5 pounds of aerylamide and 6.25 pounds of methacrylic acid were admixed with 2.5 pounds of tertiary dodecyl mercnptan (chain transfer agent), 125 pounds 01' butanoi, 125 pounds of toluene. and 2.5 pounds of cumene hydroperoxidc. The resulting mixture was refluxed for two hours after which an additional 1.25 pounds of cumene hydroperoxlde was added. Refluxing was then continued for a further period of two hours at which time a final addition of 1.25 pounds of cumene hydroperoxide was made and refluxing continued until a conversion of Exam lo I Example ll 15% our amide, 20% nor iamide a) as methyl (A) methyl mrthucrylnte methacrylnte a) err-7 ethyl in) ethyl ecryiate my to Example ill Example IV Exam 10 V 18%ser lamide, 20% nor 'inmlde, 20% scr amide, (1%25 styrene (A) styrene (It) 80%, vinyl ethyl (11) butatoluene my to dieae Polymerization charmand procedure (pounds except where otherwise indium-d):

Acrylamide... .\ionorner A..

ileilus time hours) Polymer proprrt cs:

lereent solids vat-out ows") z; zi- Formaldehyde condensate, parts:

nllillllo solution oi iormaide- 6.84.... 84.6.. 0.34 339 76/361.

e. Mail-1e nnhydride 86.3 grams 1.0 36.8 4.8 1. Reflux time, hours 3 a5 8 m 4 16. Final i'roduet:

iereent solids 50.1 48.96.. 50.6... 49. 41.8. VL'eoslt (Gardner) Y. Y. Z... X-Y. Color( ardner) 3-4.... 1 1-2.

ln bomb. iarts resin. Solids obtained by partial distillation oisolvents.

Example VI substantially 100 percent was obtained. The resulting product was then admixed with 79.4 pounds of a 40 per- An acrylamide interpolymcr was prepared from the 05 cent solution oi formaldehyde in butanol and 1 pound of following components in the amounts set forth:

maleic anhydrlde catalyst. The resulting mixture was then refluxed under azeotroplc conditions for three hours to rey il move water of reaction. The resinous product had the Styrene 39 following properties: Ethyl acrylate 44 Acryiamlde l5 Solids (percent) 48-52 Acrylic acid 2 Weight per gallon (pounds) 8.07 Butanol 100 Viscosity (Gardner-Holdt) V-Y Cumene hydroperoxlde 1 Color (Gardner) Under7 Tertiary dodecyl mercaptan 1 Acid value 5.5 to 7.5

1 1 Examples VIII to XIV inclusive illustrate the preparation of adducts of dicarboxylic acid anhydrides with free hydroxyl-containing polymeric materials.

Example VIII The following materials were charged into a glass reactor equipped with stirrer, condenser and temperature measuring means:

Parts by weight Allyl alcohol-styrene copolymer (Shell X-450), Ol-l equivalent per 100 grams, 0.45; hydroxyl groups per mole, 5.2 85.

Maleic anhydride 14.7

Methyl ethyl kctone 33.3

The above components were reiluxed until the product had an acid value of 60-64 (about 4 to 8 hours). The product was then diluted to 50 percent solids with tolu' cne the resulting resinous product having the following analysis:

Solids (percent) 50 Hydroxyl value 65.0 Acid value 42.0 Viscosity (Gardner-Heidi) E-F Example IX Example Viilv was repeated substituting succinic anhydride for the maieic anhydride of the example. The reaction was carried out in such a way as to react the succinic anhydride with about 40 percent of the available hydroxyl groups of the aliyl alcohol-styrene copolymer. The resulting product had a Gardncr-Holdt viscosity of W and an acid value of 41.0.

Example X in this example maicic anhydridc was reacted with a polyether obtained by the reaction of sucrose with ethylene oxide in an amount such that the maleic anhydride reacted with 40 percent of the available hydroxyl content of the polyether. The polyether utilized had the following properties:

Hydroxyl value Percent solids Percent water 0.li Ash content --parts/million-.. 159 Viscosity --ccntipoises-- 27,500

The reaction was carried out in methyl ethyl ltetone. the reaction mixture being refluxed for approximately 4 hours at which time the acid value of the product was 79.5 at n 50 percent solids content. The Gnrdner-iioldt viscosity was A, and the hydroxyl value was l l0.4.

Example XI Example XI! One hundred (100) parts by weight of an interpolymer containing 19 percent allyl alcohol, 48.5 percent styrene, and 32.5 percent acrylonitrile was refluxed with 13 parts by weight of maleic anhydride in 114 parts by weight of methyl ethyl ltetone. The reflux was carried out for ap proximately 5 hours. the resulting product having an acid value of 59.4 at a 50 percent solids content, and a Gardner-Hoidt viscosity of N-O.

Example XIII A polyglycol (Dow ll-100, a propylene oxide conof 1030) was heated in methyl ethyl ketone at reilux with maleic anhydride. The reaction was carried out such that about 50 percent of the available hydroxyl groups in the polyol were reacted with the maleic anhydride. The resulting prdduet had a Gardner-Hoidt viscosity of A, an acid value of 45.9, and a hydroxyl value of 95.

This example was repeated using a poiyglycol (Dow 11-300) having a molecular weight of about 4000. When diluted to a solids content of 50.9 percent solids with toluene, the product had a Gardner-Holdt viscosity of A, an acid value of 12.48 and a hydroxyl value of 23.85.

Example X I V densate of glycerine having an average molecular weight Malcie anhydride was reacted with a polyester prepared by the reaction of 2 moles of adipic acid, 1 mole of di ethylene glycol and 2.2 moles of trimethylolpropane. This polyester had an acid value of 1.5 and a hydroxyl value in the range of 350-400. The polyester was dissolved in methyl ethyl kctone and enough maleic anhydride added to react with about 40 percent of the hydroxyl groups of the polyester. The mixture was refluxed until the resulting adduct had an acid value of 97.8 at 73.6 percent solids and a Gardner-Holdt viscosity of 0.

Example XV in accordance with this example, the ncrylnmide interpolymer of Example Vi (together with 10 percent by weight on a solids basis of an epoxy resin. Epon 1001) was blended with each of the adducts described in Examples Vill to XlV inclusive and a white appliance type enamel prepared from each of the blends.

In the preparation of the white enamel, the same resin paste was utilized in each instance. This paste was prepared by admixing 2250 parts by weight of rutile titanium dioxide, 450 parts by weight of xyiol and 2l6 parts by weight of the amide resin of Example Vi. The resulting mixture was then ground together in a pebble mill for a period of 16 hours, after which an additional 600 parts by weight of the resin of Example Vi was added and milling continued iorlnn additional 1% hours. Three hundred and iiity-one and six-tenths (351.6) parts by weight portions of the paste thus prepared were then admixed with 15 percent by weight, on a resin solids basis, of each of the adducts of Examples Vlll to XlV inclusive. To each of these mixtures 2 parts by weight of a 2 percent 7 solution oi a silicone oil (Linde X-l2) in xyiol was added as an anti-flooding agent. together with 10 parts by weight of a pine oil. Each of the resulting enamels was then sprayed on metal panels pretreated with a phosphate solution (Bonderite 1000) to a dry film thickness of L5 mils and the resulting films baked for 30 minutes at 300 F. As controls similar panels were sprayed, also to a 1.5 mils dry film thickness. with an enamel formulated in a manner identical to those described above, except that the amide interpolymer resin of Example Vi together with the epoxide resin constituted the sole ilim forming components of the enamel: that is, no adduct was present. One of these panels was baked for 30 minutes at 350 F., and the second for 30 minutes at 300 F. All of the panels thus obtained were then compared for solvent resistance. detergent 'fc'sistance. salt spray resistance, stain resistance to mustard, ink. lipstick and merthiolate, pencil hardness,

impact and flexibility. The results of this comparison are set forth in the following table:

was sprayed onto metal panels (pretreated as in Example XV) to a dry film thickness of 1.5 mils and the follow- Cure. Impact Solvent Dcter- Salt Stain resistance time and Pencil rcslst- Flexiresistanoo gent spray Adduet description temp. hardnneo hllity roalstresist- (min. ness (pcrnnce. once. in. and t'F.) l tent) Ethyl Xyiol rcont lose oi Mustard Ink Lipstick Merthioalcohol b isterlng adhesion lute None"... 30-310 31! 0-12 so Eilrccel; Good. 1 y. Blight-.. None.... None Vei n B Do............-....... 30-300 1 3-6 20 Good- Fair... 100 951 Heavy.... Blight... M odlum hi ium envy. ienvy. Reaction product oi rnnieso-soo 31! 3-6 so Eseel- Oood. it He Very None.... None Very ie nnh drlde with stylent. sl glut. s1 uht. rent-e1 l nleohol to 30iymer sample VI 1). Reaction product oi suo- M iii 3-0 30 do... Ereel- 100 96s 1ieavy-... Slight...

clnle anhydrlde with lent. Blight... Heavy. styrenenllvl alcohol topolymer (Example 1X). Reaction product oi male- 30-300 3i! 0-12 20 do... i-nlr- 100 952 S1lit to anhydride with m- Oood. sight. sight. sight. emee ethvlene oxide polyether (Example X). iteuetlon product oi mult- 30-000 ill 0 so do... Excel- 6 is, Verv Nonc.... ..do None.

ie nnhvtlride with stylent. slight. rene-ullvi nlmhol mpolymer (Example Xi). iteuetlnn imduet oimnle- 30-310 ll 24+ 20 do... Good. 100 ,3: i1ea\'y.... lleavy.. lioavy.... Heavy.

le nnhyr ride with ethylene oxide condensate oi i eerlne [Example ilillli. ilenctlon product nimnle- 30-300 1' 2H- 20 ...do... ...do... 100 -15: ...do ...do..... ...do Do.

le lnhyt ride with ethy- 4 iene oxide condensate oi \lyfizlgine ii-Zxsmpie Reaction product oimnle- 30-300 til 12-18 30 ...do... ...do... 100 ,6: Medium Slight... None Very ic nnh (hill! and polyheavy. sl ght. r-stert sample X l Example X W A second series of enamels was prepared, utilizing a paste prepared as in the previous example except that the amide interpoiymer resin of Example Vii was substituted for the amide interpolymer resin of Example Vi. Also,

in; properties of the panels compared: Pencil hardness. impact, solvent resistance, detergent resistance, salt spray resistance, and stain resistance to the action of mustard, ink, lipstick and merthioiate. The results of this comparison are tabulated below:

Cure. time impact Solvent resistance Dcter- Bolt Btaln resistance and temp. Pencil resistttent spray Allduet description (min. sad hardness snee resistresist- F.) (ln./lbs.) Ethyl Xylol once, once. in. Mustard ink Lipstick Merthloslcohol percent loss of late blistering adhesion None...... 30-35) 61! i Bier-lt- Eseel; it its None.... None.... Norm... None.

n en I)o........ W300 3" i ...do.... Oood.... if H: Veil?m ...do.... -do..-. Do.

, s t Reaction net oi mnlele Ii-300 3" 1-3 ...do.... Exceiit its N o..-- -.-d0...- D0.

nnitLdri ewith styrene-nil 1 lent. a l? )ol eopolytner (Essmp mtlon uet oi luoclnli W 31! ...do.... ...do.... it is: ...do.... ...do.... ...do..-. Do. what ewithstyrene-ell islet; loopolymet' (Ramps Reaction net oi mslele 30-300 411 1 ...do.... ...do.... 20 ,5: ...do.-.. ...do..-. ..-do..-- Do.

snhydr with sucrose-ethylene oslds polyether (Examiteootion not oi msieie 30-300 511 3 ...do.-.. ...do... 3 it: ...do.... ...do... ...do..-. Do.

snh gri esrith styrene-oil 1 ir leopolyrner (Exam Reaction prodoetoi rnslelcnn- 30-300 311 3-0 ...do.... Oood.... it its Very Very V0? Veay hydride with ethylene oxide sl zht. s1 ght. sl ght. s zht. condensate oi sly litssmple 31min]. Reaction produetoimnlelenn- 30-300 it 1-3 ...do.... Falr..... it its Blight... Nono..-. ...do...- Do.

hydride with ethylene oxide condensate slyeerlne (itxsmpie XiiitiDl. Reaction prodnctoimoiolenn- 30-300 311 Hi ...do..-. ...do.... it its None.......do.... None.... None.

hydride and polyester (Essmple XIV).

in iormuistlns the enamels utilized in this example. 10 7 percent by weight. on a resin solids basis, oi the adduct was utilized in each instance. Two controls were utilized. in each oi which the sole resinous components were the amide interpolymcr resin of Example Vii and the epoxlde The results set forth in the tables oi Examples XV and Xvi demonstrate that a number oi the adducts utilized to modliy the amide interpolymer resin import to the resulting compositions the property of forming films which when baked at 300 F. for 30 minutes are the full equivaresin. Each of the enamels, including the control enamels, (ti lent of or even superior to the properties of the unmodi- 15 lied amide intcrpolymer resin films when cured for 30 minutes at 350 F. Moreover, the result set forth in the tables indicate that without exception the adducts improved one or more important properties of the films.

16 polymer containing free hydroxyl groups and an anhydridc of a dicarboxylic acid, said adduct being formed by reaction of said anhydride with at least some of said free hydroxyl groups.

2. A composition comprising an interpolymer of acryl- Emmpl amide and at least one other monomer containing a Th6 acl'ylflmidc Containing of Exampk VI was CH==C group, said interpolymer containing from about formulated into a white enamel formulated as in Example 2, pcrccm t bo t 50 percent by weight of acrylamide in XV cxccpt P Y W88 utilized- {Ofmlllflipolymerized form based jipon the total weight of said 8 cnamd. 15 Pcfccfll y Weight of adduct 0f interpolymer, and being characterized by having amido maieic anhydride and a styrene-allyi alcohol copolymer hydrogen atoms replaced by the structure CH,OR p II) was utilized. Two controls were utiliz wherein R is a member of the class consisting of hydroin each of which the sole resinous component was the gen and alkyl radicals containing from 1 to 8 carbon Bmidc inlcrpolym" of Examplfi Each 0f atoms, and an ungelied adduct resulting from the reaction enamels. including the two control enamels, was sprayed of an anhydride of an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid with at onto metal panels pretreated (as in Example XV) to a least some of the free hydroxyl groups of a free hydroxyldry film thicitness of 1.5 mils and the following propercontaining polymer. tics of the films compared: Pencil hardness, Sward hard- 3. The composition of claim 2 wherein the adduct is an ncss, gloss, flexibility, impact resistance and solvent readduct of malcic anhydride and a copolymer of an un-- sistance. The results of this comparison are tabulated 20 saturated aliphatic alcohol with at least one other below: CH =C monomer.

Cure. Gloss Solvent resistance time and (fiard- Flcrll m pact Rcslnotts component temp. Pencil Swnrd arr an htllty resist- (mtn. hardness hardness gloss (porant-c, Ethyl nntlF.) meter) cont) (UL/lbs.) alcohol Xylol iteslnoilfisamplc \'i.... seam 2i! 40 M lit a (Tooth... flood. lteslnotl'lxample \'l. 80400 F 40 $5 0 3 ioor.... loor. Resin 0! Example \i pins 15 m adduct of Example VIII -300 41! 38 85 12 3-6 (lood.... Good.

The above example illustrates that the use of adducts of 4. The composition of claim 3 wherein the copolymer the hydroxyi-containing polymers with dicarboxylic acid is a copolymer of allyl alcohol and styrene. anhydrides promotes the cure of unmodified amide resins 5. The composition of claim 4 wherein the interpoiymer as well as those amide interpoiymer resins that are modiis an interpolymer of acrylamidc. styrene, ethyl acrylate, tied with other resinous materials such as epoxide resins. and a member of the class consisting of acrylic acid and Many modifications oi the specific procedures set forth methacrylic acid. in the above examples can be made without substantially 6. The composition of claim 4 wherein the interpoiymcr ail'ecting the results obtained. For example. when ad is an intcrpoiymer of acrylamldc, styrene, and a member ducts such as those described in Examples Vlli to XIV of the class consisting of acrylic acid and mcthacrylic inclusive are admixed with other of the amide interpolyacid. mer resins such as those described hereinabove, the curing 5 7. A composition comprising a mixture of an intertempcrature can be reduced by at least F. without polymer of an unsaturated acid amide and at least one adversely ailccting the film properties. Also, other adother monomer containing a CH,=C group, said interducts than those disclosed in Examples Vlll to XIV inpolymer being charnctcried by having amido hydrogen elusive can be utilized in combination with the amide interatoms replaced by the structure polymer resins with good results. Thus, for example, it is possible to substitute anhydrides such as phthalic anhyf dride or itaconlc acid anhydridc, or similar anhydrides -CORI {or the maid: anhyddd anhydrid" wherein R is a member of the class consisting of hydrogen. examples, and it is also possible to prepare useful adduct: and hydrocarbon radicals and R is a member of the, pcrccmagc hydroxyl'con class consisting of hydrogen and alkyl radicals containing; min: polymer 'ubstam'any from value from about 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and at least two other{ "pomd in meme cmmpk" resinous materials, at least one of which is the resinous-t Amwugh 'pccmc example of been adduct resulting from the reaction of an anhydride of a m hcrdnabovc' mended dicarboxylic acid with at least some of the free hydroxyl 2523" m lnclud" of variation and 60 groups of a free hydroxyl-eontaining polymeric material, i cauom cope of the appended and another of which is a resin selected from the class g consisting of epoxide resins, vinyl halide resins, amine;

1 m i i I I I f resins, nitrocellulose, and hydrocarbon resins. 1 I 53 z g fi g g f 8. The composition of claim 7 wherein the amide inter yme c ummntc c c an 66 polymer resin and the resinous adduct are combined with one other monomer containing a CH,-C group, saidan epoxidc sin. interpolymer being characterized by having amido hydro- 9. A compmmon comprising a mixture of an men "Phmd by polymer of acrylamide with at least one other monomer R containing a CH,-C group, said interpolymer contain- 70 ing from about 2 percent to about 50 percent by weight of aeryiamide andbeing characterized by having amido wherein R is a member of the class consisting of hydrogen hydrogen atoms replaced by the structure -CH,OR and hydrocarbon radicals, and R is a member of the class wherein at least about 50 percent of the R groups are consisting of hydrogen and alkyl radicals containing from alkyl radicals containing from about 1 to about 8 carbon about i to 8 carbon atoms, and an ungelled adduct of a atoms. and the remainder of the R groups are hydrogen atoms, and at least two other resinous materials, one of which is the ungellccl resinous addact resulting from the reaction of maleic anhydride with at least some of the free hydroxyl groups of a copolymer of an aliphatic unsaturated alcohol with at least one other CH =C monomer, and another of which is a resinous material selected from the class consisting of epoxide resins, vinyl halide resins, amine resins, nitrocellulose, and hydrocarbon resins.

10. The composition of claim 9 wherein the copolymer is a copolymer of allyl alcohol and styrene, and the amide interpolymer resin and the resinous adduct are combined with an epoxide resin.

ll. The composition of claim 10 wherein the interpolymer is an interpolymer of acrylamide, styrene and a member of the class consisting of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid.

18 12. The composition of claim 10 wherein the interpolymer is an inter-polymer of acrylamide, styrene, ethyl acrylate and a member of the class consisting of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,173,005 Strain Sept. 12, 1939 2,808,383 Fikcntscher et a1 Oct. 1, 1957 2,970,983 Newey Feb. 7, 1961 FOREIGN PATENTS 467,492 Great Britain June ll, 1937 578,345 Canada June 23, 1959 

1. A COMPOSITION COMPRISING AN INTERPOLYMER OF A POLYMERIZABLE UNSATURATED CARBOXYLIC ACID AMIDE AND AT LEAST ONE OTHER MONOMER CONTAINING A CH2=C< GROUP, SAID INTERPOLYMER BEING CHARACTERIZED BY HAVING AMIDO HYDROGEN ATOMS REPLACED BY THE STRUCTURE 